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Health Education

Pros and cons of high testosterone in men

Age, diet, sleep and stress can influence the production of testosterone
Gerardo Sison medical writer headshot
By | Jan. 18, 2024
A gloved hand holding a testosterone blood test: High testosterone in men

Key takeaways

  • Testosterone is crucial for men’s health, influencing muscle growth, bone density, and sexual function, but high levels can lead to complications like increased aggression and heart risks.

  • Factors such as age, diet, exercise, sleep, and stress affect testosterone production, and conditions like hypogonadism may require testosterone replacement therapy.

  • High testosterone levels can result in both physical changes, such as increased muscle mass and body hair, and behavioral changes, including aggression and mood swings.

  • Balancing testosterone levels involves a combination of treatments like testosterone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes including diet and exercise, and managing stress and sleep.

In this article:

Testosterone is often associated with themes of strength and vitality. After all, it’s a key part of men’s health and plays a major role in muscle growth, bone density, and sexual function. As men get older, testosterone levels can decline, which is why many men choose to undergo testosterone replacement therapy. However, while testosterone has several benefits, high testosterone levels may cause complications.

If you’ve noticed certain signs and symptoms, you may be experiencing high testosterone levels, which has both advantages and disadvantages. However, it’s important to consult a medical professional if you’re experiencing negative symptoms of elevated testosterone levels. 

Read on to learn more about the role of testosterone in the body and how maintaining a balance may help promote optimal health. 

What is testosterone?

Testosterone is a sex hormone involved in developing male growth and masculine characteristics. It belongs to a class of hormones called androgens, which help regulate different bodily processes and behavior. 

Chemically, testosterone comes from cholesterol and has a molecular structure of four carbon rings. Testosterone is fat-soluble, allowing it to pass through cell membranes easily. A small percentage of testosterone circulates in the blood as free testosterone, which is biologically active and can interact with the body’s cells.

Although it’s a primary male sex hormone, testosterone is not exclusive to men—women also produce testosterone, although in lower amounts. Testosterone is produced in the testes in males and, to a lesser extent, in the ovaries in females. In addition, some testosterone is produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

The role of testosterone in men

Testosterone plays various roles in men’s health, including the development of secondary sex characteristics and maintaining overall health. Healthy testosterone levels in men range from 300-1,000 ng/dL, while women’s normal levels range between 15-70 ng/dL.

A critical function of testosterone is promoting normal masculinization during puberty. This process includes different physical changes such as:

  • Enlargement of the genitals
  • Growth of facial and body hair
  • Deepening of the voice
  • Increased muscle mass
  • Increased bone density

However, the effects of testosterone expand beyond just physical ones. In addition to influencing male physical traits, testosterone can also affect mood, sex drive, sperm production, and cognitive functions, such as memory, focus, and problem-solving skills. 

Production of testosterone

Testosterone production is controlled by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. This gland releases luteinizing hormone (LH), which signals the testes to produce and release testosterone into the bloodstream. Different factors can influence the production of testosterone:

  • Age: Testosterone levels naturally decline as men age.
  • Diet and exercise: A balanced diet and regular physical activity help maintain optimal testosterone levels.
  • Sleep: Adequate sleep is vital for hormone regulation.
  • Stress: Chronic stress can negatively affect the production of hormones like testosterone.

In some cases, certain medical conditions or testicular tumors can affect testosterone production. For instance, tumors in the testes and diseases like Klinefelter syndrome may cause hypogonadism, a condition in which the body produces low testosterone. 

For low testosterone levels, synthetic forms of testosterone are often used as supplementation. In addition, healthy lifestyle changes and resolving underlying medical problems may be recommended to maintain testosterone production.

Indications of high testosterone levels in men

Testosterone levels higher than 1000 ng/dL or 35 nmol/L may be considered above normal for men. High testosterone levels in men, also referred to as “high T,” can show various signs and symptoms. 

Although relatively rare, it may be helpful to be aware of the potential symptoms of high testosterone. These symptoms might point to high T, but they could also be a sign of other health issues, such as adrenal or testicular tumors. 

Physical signs of high testosterone

Men with high testosterone levels may experience several changes in their physical appearance. Many men welcome these changes, which often include increased muscle mass, a deeper voice, and more pronounced facial and body hair. However, negative changes can also occur.  

Here are some of the physical signs linked to high testosterone levels:

  • Increased muscle mass: Men with excessive testosterone might have larger and more defined muscles.
  • Body hair growth: High testosterone often leads to more body hair, especially on the chest, arms, and legs. In some cases, excessive body hair growth can occur and appear in unusual areas. 
  • Facial hair: Men with high testosterone may experience thicker, faster-growing facial hair.
  • Acne: High testosterone levels may lead to increased oil production in the skin, causing more frequent or severe acne. 
  • Shrinking of the testes: In some cases, abnormally high levels of testosterone can lead to the shrinking of the testes.
  • High blood pressure: High testosterone can sometimes cause increased blood pressure, which may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Behavioral signs of high testosterone

High testosterone levels in men may cause a range of behavioral changes. These can include:

  • Aggression: High testosterone levels can lead to increased aggressive behavior. Men with elevated testosterone might become more prone to road rage or aggressive driving and confrontations on the road.
  • Mood swings: Mood changes can be another sign of high testosterone levels. Men may experience rapid changes in their emotions, quickly changing from irritability to euphoria and even depressive episodes.
  • Mental function: While testosterone is known to affect brain function and memory, the effects of high testosterone on cognitive abilities are not entirely clear. Some studies suggest high testosterone may improve focus, especially in older males. 
  • Sexual promiscuity: Testosterone is responsible for regulating libido in men. With high testosterone levels, men may show increased sexual desire and impulsive or risky sexual behaviors.
  • Attachment-related avoidance: Men with elevated testosterone levels may show less interest in forming deep, emotional connections and instead favor more superficial or short-term relationships.

The signs of high testosterone levels can vary from person to person. You may want to monitor these signs and consult a healthcare professional if you suspect your testosterone levels may be too high.

Advantages of high testosterone in men

Increased testosterone levels, especially in men with previously low levels, may experience several benefits. As an essential male sex hormone, testosterone has several health advantages.  

Boost in energy levels

Men with high testosterone levels may experience an increase in energy levels. Better energy levels can improve motivation and increase productivity throughout the day. In one survey, men frequently reported that taking prescription testosterone boosted their energy levels, with 52.3% of survey respondents observing an improvement in this area.

Muscle mass and body composition

Testosterone directly influences muscle growth. Men with high testosterone levels typically have greater strength and muscle mass, as the hormone can help promote lean body mass and reduce the deposit of fats. Testosterone also helps in red blood cell production, providing muscles with the oxygen needed for optimal performance. 

Sexual health benefits

High testosterone levels can have a positive impact on men’s sexual health, such as increased sex drive. In addition, balanced testosterone levels are involved in sperm production and maintaining a stable mood, which can indirectly affect overall sexual health. 

Disadvantages of excessive testosterone in men

While testosterone is an important hormone for men’s health, levels that are too high may lead to a range of problems. Let’s explore some potential health risks, mental health concerns, and sexual health problems associated with high testosterone levels.

Potential health risks

Men with high testosterone levels may face an increased risk of heart disease and blood clots. Elevated testosterone may also raise cholesterol levels, leading to high blood pressure and a higher risk of heart attacks or stroke. Weight gain and fluid retention, causing swelling of legs and feet, are also common side effects. 

Mental health concerns

Excessive testosterone may lead to mood disturbances such as irritability, aggression, and trouble sleeping. In addition, it may impair judgment and decision-making skills. Abnormally high testosterone levels may sometimes worsen mental health problems like depression and may also contribute to a sense of restlessness.

Sexual health problems

High testosterone levels may cause different sexual issues. Testosterone supplementation, in particular, can cause the body to reduce its production of the hormone. Reduced production may lead to the shrinking of the testes. 

Diagnosing high testosterone levels in men

A doctor or healthcare provider will typically order a blood test to measure the amount of testosterone in the blood. Testosterone levels can change throughout the day, so blood tests are often scheduled for the morning when testosterone levels tend to be the highest.

The testing process usually involves the following steps:

  • Test preparation: Your healthcare provider may require you to fast for at least 8-12 hours before the appointment.
  • Blood sample: On the morning of the test, a healthcare professional will collect a blood sample from a vein in the arm.
  • Testosterone analysis: The laboratory will analyze the blood sample to determine testosterone levels.

Blood tests can be divided into two main types: total testosterone tests and free testosterone tests. A total testosterone test is the most common method, as it measures the combined amount of both testosterone bound to proteins and free testosterone. Free testosterone tests only measure the testosterone not attached to proteins or the type your body can use immediately.

Some key points to consider when interpreting testosterone levels in men include:

  • Normal testosterone levels can range from 300 to 1000 ng/dL.
  • High testosterone levels are generally considered to be above 1000 ng/dL.
  • Testosterone levels naturally decline with age, so that the reference ranges might differ for younger and older men.

Once diagnosed, a healthcare professional may recommend additional tests or procedures to determine the underlying cause. They can then develop an appropriate treatment plan.

How to balance testosterone levels in men

Different methods, such as testosterone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes, and medications, may help balance testosterone levels in men. Consult a healthcare professional before starting any treatment to ensure it’s safe and appropriate.

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is a common treatment option for men with low testosterone levels. TRT comes in different forms, such as injections, topical treatments, and lozenges, and may help improve symptoms within a few months. However, testosterone levels should be monitored during TRT, as too much testosterone may cause side effects.

Aside from hormone therapy, lifestyle changes may help balance testosterone levels:

  • Exercise: Regular physical activity, especially strength training, can help stimulate testosterone production and improve overall health.
  • Diet and nutrition: Eating a balanced diet with protein and healthy fats can also support hormone production. Foods rich in zinc, vitamin D, and magnesium may be particularly beneficial.
  • Stress reduction: Chronic stress can negatively affect testosterone levels. Practicing meditation or other stress management techniques may help maintain testosterone levels.
  • Sleep: Studies have shown that sleep disturbances can reduce testosterone levels. Getting enough sleep is an integral part of hormonal balance. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night.

In some cases, medications or testosterone supplements might be recommended to help balance testosterone levels. However, always seek medical advice from a healthcare professional, as some over-the-counter supplements or anabolic steroids can cause unwanted side effects or other problems.

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